Hygiene monitoring involves several steps. First, samples are taken from surfaces, air and water. These samples are then analysed in a laboratory for the presence of micro-organisms and other contaminants. Methods used include swab samples, air samples, swabs and water samples. The results of the analyses are documented and evaluated to determine whether the specified hygiene standards are being met. If deviations are found, measures are taken to improve hygiene and the effectiveness of these measures is monitored.